Russia has suffered significant military losses in recent months, with casualties occurring at a significantly higher rate than earlier in the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, said Washington-based think tank Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).

In a new report published on Wednesday, CSIS said Russia has suffered an estimated 1.4 million military casualties, including troops killed, wounded or missing since the start of its full-scale invasion in February 2022.

The toll is significantly higher than what Kyiv has seen, about 600,000 on the Ukrainian side, the think tank said.

Around 400,000 and 450,000 Russian troops have been killed, compared with 125,000 to 150,000 Ukrainian military deaths, the CSIS said.

Russian military losses were recorded to be around 325,000 in January this year and its monthly losses are now exceeding what it manages to recruit in the armed forces, the CSIS said.

The ratio of Russian to Ukrainian casualties has risen to 8:1 in the first half of this year, up from 2:1 and 3:1 seen initially during the war, it added.

At least 11 people have been killed so far after Russia launched a large-scale attack on Ukraine’s capital overnight into Thursday.

The attack with ballistic and cruise missiles and drones damaged buildings and civilian infrastructure across the city.

Many residents took shelter at metro stations after Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky and other authorities issued the first warnings of the attack.

The attack killed 11 people in Kyiv and damaged 20 residential buildings, according to interior minister Ihor Klymenko.

Tymur Tkachenko, head of the Kyiv City Military Administration, said 54 people were injured, including two children. Damage was recorded in 30 locations across the city, mainly residential buildings and civilian infrastructure, he added.

One person was killed and an industrial facility damaged in a Ukrainian drone attack on Russia’s Nizhny Novgorod region, the local governor Gleb Nikitin said this morning.

Four people were also injured in the attack, the governor added.

The region is home to NORSI ‌oil refinery, ​one ‌of Russia’s largest.

Gasoline prices in Sevastopol, the largest city in the Russian-controlled Crimea peninsula, have jumped by 30 per cent in the last week, state statistical agency Rosstat said on Wednesday, as the region grapples with fuel shortages.

Ukraine has attacked supply lines in occupied Crimea in what it says is a campaign to hurt Russia’s war effort. To deal with the resulting fuel shortages, authorities there have suspended fuel sales to private ⁠motorists and reduced the time that public transport and ⁠cafes operate.

In some Russian regions, retail gasoline prices have risen to some of the highest levels in Europe and to twice those of the United States, according ⁠to Reuters calculations.

Rosstat said that average gasoline prices in Russia rose by 1.6 per cent last week, slowing from a record-high weekly rise of 3 per cent in the week before.

Prices declined by 1.6 per cent and 0.7 per cent in the wider Moscow region and the city of Moscow respectively, it said.

In Sevastopol, where prices jumped by 30 per cent, the price of popular AI-95 gasoline reached 129.68 roubles per litre.

The Russian central bank said it would take into account the impact of rising domestic fuel prices and their secondary effects at its next rate-setting meetings.

Ukrainian arms manufacturers will be able to export products and components under a new framework that channels a percentage of revenues into a state defence fund, prime minister Yulia Svyrydenko said.

Ukraine announced it was permitting wartime arms exports in February, but manufacturers have since complained ⁠of regulatory barriers as the government has retained ⁠tight control and threshed out a framework to regulate deals.

However, the country also needs funding for its defence industry, which has swelled since Russia’s 2022 invasion, to further expand capacity and invest into research and development.

Svyrydenko said the scheme would levy 20 per cent of proceeds from finished defence goods and 30 per cent from components.

She said manufacturers would have to prove their capability to fulfill Ukrainian defence orders and export contracts simultaneously, and restrictions would apply to items placed on a list of critical goods.

“Every export contract must serve one strategic goal: strengthening Ukraine’s defence industrial base and delivering more weapons for our Armed Forces,” Svyrydenko wrote.

The system would operate throughout the period of martial law, which has been in effect in Ukraine since Russia’s invasion in February 2022.

Russia said it has conducted a massive attack on Ukraine’s capital of Kyiv and other locations using long-range, high-precision air, land, sea-launched weapons and drones.

The Russian defence ministry said it hit ‌military and energy facilities around ⁠Kyiv, as well as military airports in several regions including in Poltava and Dnipropetrovsk, ‌in what ​it said ‌was retaliation for ⁠Ukraine’s attack ⁠on civil infrastructure.

It did not acknowledge reports of Russian attacks on civilian buildings and hotel in Kyiv.

Officials in Kyiv said eight have been killed, including children, and more than three dozen injured in the deadly overnight attacks.

Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko has urged residents to remain in shelters, describing an ongoing “furious enemy attack” on the capital.

He said five people were injured in the Shevchenkivskyi district and one of the injured, a paramedic, was in extremely critical condition.

Ukraine’s Emergency Service says a hotel and two five-story residential buildings were damaged in the district.

In the Desnianskyi district, people were trapped inside a damaged nine-story residential building and rescuers headed to the scene, Klitschko said.

In the Holosiivskyi district, a fire broke out on the roof of a 16-story building, according to the Emergency Service.

In the Sviatoshynskyi district, fire broke out in two private residencies, the Emergency Service said. Debris trapped people in one of them, according to the mayor.

In the Darnytskyi district, six levels of a nine-story building collapsed after a Russian strike and another five-story residential building was damaged, Klitschko said.

The Emergency Service said a 16-story building and private residencies were damaged in the area.

Tkachenko said the attack partially destroyed a residential building in the Desnianskyi district, sparked fires near residential buildings at two locations in the Pecherskyi district, and ignited a fire near an administrative building in the Solomianskyi district.

He said authorities were also recording damage in the Obolonskyi and Podilskyi districts. The head of the Kyiv Regional Administration, Mykola Kalashnyk, said damage occurred in five regional districts. There were no immediate reports of casualties in the region.

Ukrainian drones have targeted Russia’s Leningrad region, where Vladimir Putin’s home is situated, as Russian forces brought down seven drones, governor Alexander Drozdenkoof said this morning.

Leningrad is also home to large export and oil refining facilities.

Ukraine has recently intensified strikes deeper into the Russian territory, triggering a widespread fuel crisis in the world’s third-biggest oil producer and forcing it to import gasoline from as far away as India.

At least eight people were killed and over three dozen were wounded as Russian forces attacked the Ukrainian capital Kyiv overnight, officials said.

Russian drones and missiles struck residential buildings and started a fire in a hotel on a central boulevard.

Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko said 34 more were injured, adding that among the damages, the first to sixth floors of an apartment building collapsed after a direct hit.

Reuters video footage showed emergency services working through the rubble of that used to be ​a ⁠nine-storey building as the sun started to rise over ‌Kyiv.

In an earlier post, Klitschko said the injured included paramedics and drivers at an ambulance station, and that some people were still trapped inside damaged residential buildings.

Pictures posted online showed a fire burning out of control at the ‌top of a building on the central Shevchenko Boulevard, while elsewhere in ‌the city, windows blew out and cars were destroyed. Multiple explosions were heard in Kyiv, a Reuters witness said.